September 19, 2022
Heat -> Mechanical energy (work)
Source: Wikipedia
Zeroth law
“If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
First law
“In a process without transfer of matter, the change in internal energy, \(\Delta U\), of a thermodynamic system is equal to the energy gained as heat, \(Q\), less the thermodynamic work, \(W\), done by the system on its surroundings.”
Second law
“Heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.”
Third law
“As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.”
Read more: Wikipedia
Read more: Sadi Carnot
Source: Wikipedia
Jet engine, gas turbine
Steam engine, steam turbine
Read more: Wikipedia Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle
Georgia Power plant Scherer (3,720 MW)
Can you identify the components
Source: Google Map, read more: Nowhere to hide
Read more: Tennessee Valley Authority
\(P=\frac{1}{2}\rho \pi r^2 v^3\)
Where,
\(\rho\) = Density (kg/m3)
\(A\) = Swept Area (m2) = \(\pi r^2\)
\(v\) = Wind Speed (m/s)
\(P\) = Power (W)
Photo by Gang He
Source: Masters (2013)
Rayleigh (a special type of Weibull) distribution
\(f(v)=\frac{2v}{c^2}\exp [-(\frac{v}{c})^2]\)
\(\bar{P}=\frac{6}{\pi}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\rho \pi r^2 \bar{v}^3=1.91P\)
Use average power when dealing with average wind speed
Read more: Masters (2013)
Read more: NREL, Validation of Power Output for the WIND Toolkit
Read more: Masters (2013)
Read more: Masters (2013)
Hydropower
Pumped storage hydropower (PSH)
Source: TVA
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fussion
Read more: EIA, Nuclear explained; DOE, Nuclear fusion reactions